撒母耳记上第30章

《圣经》撒母耳记上-第30章

撒上30:1 第三日，大卫和跟随他的人到了洗革拉。亚玛力人已经侵夺南地，攻破洗革拉，用火焚烧， (串)撒上27:6|撒上15:3,7;27:8

[kjv]And it came to pass, when David and his men were come to Ziklag on the third day, that the Amalekites had invaded the south, and Ziklag, and smitten Ziklag, and burned it with fire;

本会注释　　第三日。虽然我们不知道洗革拉的确切位置，但它是在迦特境内。有人认为它是迦萨东南的Tell el-Khuweilfeh。若是这样，它就位于沙仑平原，距亚弗约80.5公里（见@撒上29:1@注释）。由于大卫和跟随他的人是在被辞退后离开的，所以在“第三日”到达洗革拉之前，他们只有第二日是整日行军的。他们可能分两天走这段路，一天通常走40公里，所以当他们追赶亚玛力人的时候，一些人因此而精疲力竭（10节）。

撒上30:2 掳了城内的妇女和其中的大小人口，却没有杀一个，都带着走了。

[kjv]And had taken the women captives, that were therein: they slew not any, either great or small, but carried them away, and went on their way.

本会注释　　没有杀一个。不是出于仁慈，因为妇人孩子作为奴隶和妾能卖出好价钱。保存妇人儿童的性命似乎是近东交战国家的一个传统，尤其是处女和女童（见民31:15-18；士21:1-24）。大卫离开洗革拉未加保护，这件事做得缺乏智慧。
　　大卫可能认为他近来往返于沙漠地区已暂时阻止了掠夺的企图。他急于和亚吉一同出征，想尽量给非利士东道主一个好印象。他显然没有想到非利士最近出征的消息这么快就传到了沙漠地区（见@撒上27:9@注释）。

撒上30:3 大卫和跟随他的人到了那城，不料，城已烧毁，他们的妻子儿女都被掳去了。

[kjv]So David and his men came to the city, and, behold, it was burned with fire; and their wives, and their sons, and their daughters, were taken captives.

撒上30:4 大卫和跟随他的人就放声大哭，直哭得没有气力。

[kjv]Then David and the people that were with him lifted up their voice and wept, until they had no more power to weep.

撒上30:5 大卫的两个妻耶斯列人亚希暖和作过拿八妻的迦密人亚比该，也被掳去了。 (串)撒上25:42,43

[kjv]And David's two wives were taken captives, Ahinoam the Jezreelitess, and Abigail the wife of Nabal the Carmelite.

本会注释　　耶斯列人。“耶斯列人亚希暖”是大卫的长子暗嫩的母亲。暗嫩后来诱奸了其同父异母的妹妹他玛（撒下13）。在巴勒斯坦至少有两个耶斯列；一个在以萨迦支派（书19:18）；以色列人当时在那里与非利士人作战；另一个在犹大（书15:54-56），与希伯仑、玛云、西弗等地接壤。有些人认为这个耶斯列在西弗和迦密之间，位于现在的Khirbet Terrāma。但这个地点不确定的。

撒上30:6 大卫甚是焦急，因众人为自己的儿女苦恼，说：“要用石头打死他。”大卫却倚靠耶和华他的上帝，心里坚固。 (串)出17:4民14:10

[kjv]And David was greatly distressed; for the people spake of stoning him, because the soul of all the people was grieved, every man for his sons and for his daughters: but David encouraged himself in the LORD his God.

本会注释　　苦恼。marah，直译是“苦的”。词根marah的派生词（玛拉）见出15:23；路1:20。跟随大卫的人反对他们的领袖显然是因为大卫留下他们的家未加保护。
　　倚靠耶和华。大卫现在的态度与他过去数月在亚吉面前的口是心非完全不同了。他已经得到在他犯下逃离犹大这一大错期间上帝保护的明显证据，现在他以谦卑的心应付新的危机。他“心里坚固”直译是“坚固，加强”。他的心倚靠耶和华，并请亚比亚他通过乌陵和土明求问耶和华（7节）。这正是他企图逃到非利士时应该遵循的方针。

撒上30:7 大卫对亚希米勒的儿子祭司亚比亚他说：“请你将以弗得拿过来。”亚比亚他就将以弗得拿到大卫面前。 (串)撒上23:6,9

[kjv]And David said to Abiathar the priest, Ahimelech's son, I pray thee, bring me hither the ephod. And Abiathar brought thither the ephod to David.

撒上30:8 大卫求问耶和华说：“我追赶敌军，追得上追不上呢？”耶和华说：“你可以追，必追得上，都救得回来。” (串)撒上22:10

[kjv]And David enquired at the LORD, saying, Shall I pursue after this troop? shall I overtake them? And he answered him, Pursue: for thou shalt surely overtake them, and without fail recover all.

撒上30:9 于是，大卫和跟随他的六百人来到比梭溪；有不能前去的就留在那里。 (串)撒上23:13;27:2

[kjv]So David went, he and the six hundred men that were with him, and came to the brook Besor, where those that were left behind stayed.

本会注释　　比梭溪。据认为是流经基拉耳并在靠近迦萨的地方注入地中海的溪流。它距离洗革拉有多远无法确定，因为并不知道这是指最北还是最南的支流。而且洗革拉的确切位置也不知道。

撒上30:10 大卫却带着四百人往前追赶，有二百人疲乏，不能过比梭溪，所以留在那里。 (串)撒上25:13|本章21

[kjv]But David pursued, he and four hundred men: for two hundred abode behind, which were so faint that they could not go over the brook Besor.

撒上30:11 这四百人在田野遇见一个埃及人，就带他到大卫面前，给他饼吃，给他水喝，

[kjv]And they found an Egyptian in the field, and brought him to David, and gave him bread, and he did eat; and they made him drink water;

本会注释　　一个埃及人。这个“少年人”是埃及人，说明了这些掠夺者们的可怕品性。正如他们掠夺了犹大和非利士地域一样，他们显然也侵入了埃及部分地区并把俘掳卖作奴隶。任何国家或部落都不能免于他们的掠夺。

撒上30:12 又给他一块无花果饼，两个葡萄饼。他吃了，就精神复原；因为他三日三夜没有吃饼，没有喝水。 (串)士15:19

[kjv]And they gave him a piece of a cake of figs, and two clusters of raisins: and when he had eaten, his spirit came again to him: for he had eaten no bread, nor drunk any water, three days and three nights.

本会注释　　三日三夜。由于这个少年人拥有关于焚烧洗革拉的信息（14节），所以毁灭必是发生在至少三日之前，因为他是三日前被无情的部落抛弃的（13节）。这段时间足够掠夺者溜走，隐藏在没有道路的沙漠里。

撒上30:13 大卫问他说：“你是属谁的？你是哪里的人？”他回答说：“我是埃及的少年人，是亚玛力人的奴仆；因我三日前患病，我主人就把我撇弃了。

[kjv]And David said unto him, To whom belongest thou? and whence art thou? And he said, I am a young man of Egypt, servant to an Amalekite; and my master left me, because three days agone I fell sick.

撒上30:14 我们侵夺了基利提的南方和属犹大的地，并迦勒地的南方，又用火烧了洗革拉。” (串)撒下8:18;15:18;20:7,23王上1:38,44代上18:17结25:16番2:5|撒上25:3

[kjv]We made an invasion upon the south of the Cherethites, and upon the coast which belongeth to Judah, and upon the south of Caleb; and we burned Ziklag with fire.

本会注释　　基利提的南方。直译是“基利提的内盖夫”。有人认为基利提人是克里特岛人。参结25:16和番2:5，表明基利提人占据了非利士的海滨；显然是南部地区，因为当亚玛力人从书珥沙漠接近时，先到了他们那里。洗革拉或在基利提境内，或与它毗连。
　　迦勒地的南方。或“迦勒的内盖夫”。基尼洗族人迦勒（书14:14）得到的产业是分配给犹大支派的靠近希伯仑的那部分（书15:13-19）。因为亚玛力人住在朝向埃及的沙漠里（撒上15:7），并且因为提到迦勒人是在基利提人之后被掠夺的，所以可能这次入侵是从西向东进行的。先打击了基利提人的边境，然后在掠夺者们向东蔓延时，携带着基利提战俘，他们可能获悉大卫不在他的家宅地区，就决定取道洗革拉返家，好摧毁它，然后带着他们的俘虏回到书珥沙漠的深处。

撒上30:15 大卫问他说：“你肯领我们到敌军那里不肯？”他回答说：“你要向我指着上帝起誓，不杀我，也不将我交在我主人手里，我就领你下到敌军那里。” (串)申23:15

[kjv]And David said to him, Canst thou bring me down to this company? And he said, Swear unto me by God, that thou wilt neither kill me, nor deliver me into the hands of my master, and I will bring thee down to this company.

撒上30:16 那人领大卫下去，见他们散在地上，吃喝跳舞，因为从非利士地和犹大地所掳来的财物甚多。

[kjv]And when he had brought him down, behold, they were spread abroad upon all the earth, eating and drinking, and dancing, because of all the great spoil that they had taken out of the land of the Philistines, and out of the land of Judah.

本会注释　　吃喝。亚玛力人在某个绿洲停下来享受他们的战利品，就象美索不达米亚的四王在亚伯拉罕的日子掠夺了同一地区并带着罗得和来自所多玛的其他俘虏（创14章）启程回家，只在靠近何把的地方停留（创14:15），好庆祝他们的胜利（见《先祖与先知》135页）。酒的影响使他们对大卫迅雷不及掩耳的袭击全无准备。

撒上30:17 大卫从黎明直到次日晚上，击杀他们，除了四百骑骆驼的少年人之外，没有一个逃脱的。

[kjv]And David smote them from the twilight even unto the evening of the next day: and there escaped not a man of them, save four hundred young men, which rode upon camels, and fled.

本会注释　　四百骑骆驼的少年人。逃脱之人的数目可以说明参与掠夺之人的规模，以及大卫赶上他们时牲畜的数量。大卫把器具留在了比梭溪，就能以机动胜过被掠夺品拖累了的这伙人。战斗进行了通宵并持续到第二天，大卫最终解放了俘掳，把牲畜赶在一起，并收集物资返回洗革拉。

撒上30:18 亚玛力人所掳去的财物，大卫全都夺回，并救回他的两个妻来。

[kjv]And David recovered all that the Amalekites had carried away: and David rescued his two wives.

撒上30:19 凡亚玛力人所掳去的，无论大小、儿女、财物，大卫都夺回来，没有失落一个。

[kjv]And there was nothing lacking to them, neither small nor great, neither sons nor daughters, neither spoil, nor any thing that they had taken to them: David recovered all.

撒上30:20 大卫所夺来的牛群羊群，跟随他的人赶在原有的群畜前边，说：“这是大卫的掠物。”

[kjv]And David took all the flocks and the herds, which they drave before those other cattle, and said, This is David's spoil.

本会注释　　牛群羊群。这节经文有点难解。七十士译本为：“他夺来所有的牛群羊群，把它们赶到掠物的前边，论到掠物说：这是大卫的掠物。”希伯来原文似乎是说大卫夺回了原属于他这群人的牛群和其它财产。除此之外，还有亚玛力人在近来的出征劫掠中积累的大量羊群与牛群。这些都被称为大卫的掠物，赶到夺回的牲畜前面，随行回家。

撒上30:21 大卫到了那疲乏不能跟随、留在比梭溪的二百人那里。他们出来迎接大卫并跟随的人。大卫前来问他们安。 (串)本章10|士18:15

[kjv]And David came to the two hundred men, which were so faint that they could not follow David, whom they had made also to abide at the brook Besor: and they went forth to meet David, and to meet the people that were with him: and when David came near to the

撒上30:22 跟随大卫人中的恶人和匪类说：“这些人既然没有和我们同去，我们所夺的财物就不分给他们，只将他们各人的妻子儿女给他们，使他们带去就是了。” (串)申13:13

[kjv]Then answered all the wicked men and men of Belial, of those that went with David, and said, Because they went not with us, we will not give them ought of the spoil that we have recovered, save to every man his wife and his children, that they may lead th

撒上30:23 大卫说：“弟兄们，耶和华所赐给我们的，不可不分给他们；因为他保佑我们，将那攻击我们的敌军交在我们手里。

[kjv]Then said David, Ye shall not do so, my brethren, with that which the LORD hath given us, who hath preserved us, and delivered the company that came against us into our hand.

撒上30:24 这事谁肯依从你们呢？上阵的得多少，看守器具的也得多少；应当大家平分。” (串)撒上25:13|民31:27书22:8

[kjv]For who will hearken unto you in this matter? but as his part is that goeth down to the battle, so shall his part be that tarrieth by the stuff: they shall part alike.

本会注释　　大家平分。在以色列初次与米甸人作战的时候，就实行了一套分发战利品的明确制度。营中只有一部分人参战了，然而战后耶和华随即指示摩西要把战利品分为两部分，使参战的人和留下的人可以均分；还有留出来给利未人以及献给耶和华的明确数量（见民31:25-54）。这个计划并不总是得到实施，但是从大卫的时候起，它似乎成为以色列的一个定规。

撒上30:25 大卫定此为以色列的律例典章，从那日直到今日。

[kjv]And it was so from that day forward, that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel unto this day.

撒上30:26 大卫到了洗革拉，从掠物中取些送给他朋友犹大的长老，说：“这是从耶和华仇敌那里夺来的，送你们为礼物。” (串)撒上25:27

[kjv]And when David came to Ziklag, he sent of the spoil unto the elders of Judah, even to his friends, saying, Behold a present for you of the spoil of the enemies of the LORD;

本会注释　　礼物。大卫决不自私吝啬。在他流浪的岁月中，不仅有许多犹大人加入了他，而且其他许多人也给了他物资供应。至今他一直不能回报他们的仁慈。现在他一有机会就从自己丰富的掠物中慷慨地分送礼物了。既然他将要在扫罗死后回到希伯仑，这种姿态自然为保持他本国人的友谊铺平了道路。

撒上30:27 他送礼物给住伯特利的，南地拉末的，雅提珥的； (串)创28:19士1:22-26|书19:8|书15:48

[kjv]To them which were in Bethel, and to them which were in south Ramoth, and to them which were in Jattir,

本会注释　　伯特利。几乎不可能是便雅悯支派的伯特利，更可能是分配给犹大后来又给了西缅的城镇之一（书19:4），离洗革拉不远。
　　南地拉末。直译是“内盖夫的拉末”。给西缅的城镇之一（书19:8），但是确切的位置不详。
　　雅提珥。据认为是现在的Khirbet `Attîr，希伯仑和别示巴之间主干道东边几公里，玛云西南约12.8公里处。

撒上30:28 住亚罗珥的，息末的，以实提莫的； (串)申2:36书13:16|书15:50

[kjv]And to them which were in Aroer, and to them which were in Siphmoth, and to them which were in Eshtemoa,

本会注释　　亚罗珥。不是希实本的西宏王国最南端的城镇，亚嫩河边的那个亚罗珥（书12:2），而是别示巴东南约16.8公里内盖夫的一个城镇，现名`Ar`arah。
　　息末。可能是大卫进入巴兰旷野时（撒上25:1）得过帮助的一个城镇，但现今地点不详。
　　以实提莫。与底璧一同列在属于犹大的城邑清单中（书15:20,49,50），被认为是现在的es-Semû`，在希伯仑南约13或14公里，靠近西弗旷野。

撒上30:29 住拉哈勒的，耶拉篾各城的，基尼各城的； (串)撒上27:10|士1:16撒上15:6

[kjv]And to them which were in Rachal, and to them which were in the cities of the Jerahmeelites, and to them which were in the cities of the Kenites,

本会注释　　拉哈勒。在整本《圣经》中只在这里提到该地名。位置不详。七十士译本为“迦密”。

撒上30:30 住何珥玛的，歌拉珊的，亚挞的； (串)士1:17

[kjv]And to them which were in Hormah, and to them which were in Chorashan, and to them which were in Athach,

本会注释　　何珥玛。古名洗法（士1:17）。当以色列人违背耶和华的命令擅自从加低斯巴尼亚进入迦南时所袭击的南地城邑之一（民14:45）。迦南人亚拉得在亚伦死后与以色列人作战也在这里（民21:1-3）。
　　歌拉珊。就是亚珊（书15:42-44），在别示巴西北。示非拉的九座城市之一，与基伊拉联合，给了犹大。
　　亚挞。只在这里提到。位置不详。

撒上30:31 住希伯仑的，并大卫和跟随他的人素来所到之处的人。 (串)书14:13-15士1:10撒下2:1-3

[kjv]And to them which were in Hebron, and to all the places where David himself and his men were wont to haunt.

本会注释　　所到之处。作为受膏要为王的一位，大卫以慷慨证明了他的宽宏大量。圣经没有提到送礼给基伊拉的长老们，也没有提到不友好的城镇西弗（见撒上23:11,12,19），虽然它们可能已包括在“所到之处”了。
　　大卫送礼物给“所到之处”的人，说大卫多么依赖犹大各地区的接待。

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